In 2003, Stanford University found itself at a crossroad. The learning management system (LMS) was becoming a more significant component of teaching and learning, and the university's homegrown system was too expensive to maintain. Assessing the options, all of the commercial LMS platforms lacked significant functionality that Stanford required and the flexibility its faculty and students demanded. Recognizing significant potential and opportunity, Stanford joined the University of Michigan, the University of Indiana and MIT to jointly develop the next generation of coursework tools, Sakai.